What technique, invented by William Hale, stabilizes rockets during flight?

Spin stabilization is a technique utilized in rocketry to maintain stability during flight, and it was indeed pioneered by William Hale. By spinning the rocket about its longitudinal axis, stability is achieved much like that of a gyroscope. This spin creates a steadying gyroscopic effect, ensuring that the rocket maintains its orientation and trajectory as it ascends.

The method is particularly effective because it helps to counteract various forces that can cause deviation, such as wind and other atmospheric conditions. When properly implemented, spin stabilization reduces the likelihood of tumbling or veering off course, which is crucial for successful rocket launches.

Other techniques mentioned, while valid in various contexts, focus on different principles of stabilization or control. Gyroscopic stabilization involves using a gyroscope as an active stabilizing tool, while active control refers to systems that dynamically adjust the rocket's flight path using thrust vectoring or control fins. Structural stabilization pertains more to the integrity of the rocket's design under stress and external forces, rather than addressing flight stabilization through movement.